Beyond the two hypostyle halls is the Hall of Offerings. The legend, in the form in which it is here given, dates from the Ptolemaic Period, but the matter which it contains is far older. Edfu Texts Reliability? These are books on the Edfu Temple/Building Texts that have now been recommended to me: Try "The House of Horus at Edfu" by Barbara Watterson, published 1998 - Tempus Publishing Limited, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG, England. Feature Flags: { The inner hypostyle hall is the oldest part of the Temple of Edfu and is known also as the Festival Hall. PLATE I. Edfu city is located between Luxor and Aswan in the southern area of Egypt. Graphic writing of fractions 60 and 80 only used in the donations suggests that the intermediate manuscript was written in the hieratic script. him that his foes were conspiring against him. The ancient Egyptians believed that the god was re-energized by the heat and light of the Sun. During the New Year Festival, the statue of Horus would be placed on the barque and brought to the temples rooftop. [Online]Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes, UNESCO, 2020. It can also translate files hosted on websites . Ra applauded Horus for the mighty deeds which be had been able to perform by means of the spells contained in the "Book of Slaying the Hippopotamus." [Online]Available at: https://adw-goe.de/en/research/completed-research-projects/akademienprog Lonely Planet, 2020. Horus of Behutet and Harmakhis in a shrine. In addition, the government of Egypt, since 2003, has been seeking international recognition for the cultural and historical significance of the temple. After searching for them for four days and four nights he found them, and they were speedily slain. 1. Horus and his "blacksmiths" were provided with iron lances and chains, and, baying cast the chains over the monsters in the river, they drove their lances into their snouts, and slew 651 of them. Click to enlarge Nevertheless, the building of the temple continued. It took from 237 to 57 BCE to build and decorate the Horus temple the largest temples still standing in Egypt. 1, Inside the Temple of Edfu. Therefore, in 1986, Dieter Kurth, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Hamburg initiated the Edfu Project. Did The Viking Blood Eagle Ritual Ever Happen Or Was It A Misunderstood Story? Zep Tepi (The First Time) and the Mystery School Teachings of the Edfu Temple (consecrated to Horus) - On the walls of the Edfu Temple, the story of 'Zep Tepi' - the 'first time' - displays the rule the Archons, who came to Egypt and proceeded to give the people of the Nile the benefits of civilization and agriculture. Egypts native temples benefitted greatly from Ptolemy IIIs rule. edfu texts translation pdf. After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. The Temple of Edfus pylon or monumental gateway faces south and is one of the most impressive features of the temple. Practice texts for translation. This temple was smaller than the current structure, and longer exists. Xenophon. Hi all, i'm finding it hard to pinpoint accurate info about the translations of the Edfu building texts. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Thither Horus and his well-armed Blacksmiths pursued them, and came up with them at the town. This Great God was no other than Osiris, and the duty of Horus was to prevent the Smai fiends from coming by night to the place. The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. 2500-332 b.c.). Considering that various Ptolemaic rulers were involved in the temples construction, the texts provide an insight into the political history and administration of the period. PLATE VI. For more information, please see our Incidentally, the Sanctuary also contains the oldest object in the Temple of Edfu: the granite naos shrine of Nectanebo II, the last ruler of the Thirtieth Dynasty. Nederlands. Throughout the 3000years of their recorded history , the ancient Egyptians honored a tradition which asserted that no site was sacred unless it had been build upon the foundations of an earlier sacred site .It is a tradition which is richly expressed at the great temple of Horus - the solar deity whose mythical parents were the star . It consists of 65 columns of text in 8 panels, each introduced by an offering scene, lower register (above base) of the external face of the eastern enclosure wall, starting from the northern extremity (PM 6.167.337344 third register, plan p. 130). When the question of the disposal of Set was being discussed by the gods, Ra ordered that he and his fiends should be given over to Isis and her son Horus, who were to do what they pleased with them. Now the King of Egypt was always called Horus, and the priests of Edfu wishing to magnify their local god, Horus of Behutet, or Horus of Edfu, attributed to . ISBN 07524 1405 4 Blackman, A.M. 1941. Temple Of Edfu by Dieter Kurth (Author) 5 ratings See all formats and editions Paperback $130.00 3 Used from $130.00 A Guide by an Ancient Egyptian Priest ISBN-10 9774247647 ISBN-13 978-9774247644 Publisher American University in Cairo Press Publication date April 15, 2004 Language English Dimensions 4.5 x 0.1 x 8 inches Print length 89 pages Click to enlarge According to the Edfu texts, the words of the Seven Sages were recorded by the god Thoththe Egyptian principle of writing and wisdomin a book entitled Specifications of the Mounds of the Early Primordial Age. According to Reymond, the Seven Sages described by the Edfu Building Texts were enlightened survivors of a cataclysm that nearly destroyed Earth, who then proceeded to help facilitate the beginning of a new age, referred to as the First Time. Render date: 2023-03-02T08:28:34.467Z A Castration Story from the Tebtunis Temple Library - Rana Srida 2016-05-01 This volume presents the first edition of a hitherto unattested narrative from the Tebtunis temple library (1st-2nd century AD). In addition, the quality of these translations was not consistent. Text 1 of Section 2 features a news story about the war on Gaza while Text 2 relates to talks in Saudi Arabia about Aden standoff. In this part, this paper will take the article Translation of Granny Liu's Characte-ristic Language: A Comparative Study of the Two English Version of Hong Lou Meng [2] by Xu Mengyang as an example for case study. This latter name was a reference to the citys chief god, Horus, whom the Greeks identified with their own god Apollo. In addition, the pylon has four grooves on each side. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. These extraordinarily wise men are present in the myths and legends of Egypt, Babylon, Sumer, China, ancient Greece, and India. Thanks Wu! They were also the ones who began work on the Great Primeval Mound, planning out and erecting the mythical temple of the First Time. 3. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Closeup of the left side of Temple of Edfu pylon and its elaborate inscriptions (Walwyn / Flickr). Eve Reymond believed the Sound Eye to be "the center of the light" that illumines the island. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Horus, it seems, now ceased to fight for some time, and devoted himself to keeping guard over the "Great God" who was in An-rut-f, a district in or near Herakleopolis. It took Chassinet 40 years to complete this colossal task. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Meanwhile rebellion had again broken out in Nubia, where about one-third of the enemy had taken refuge in the river in the forms of crocodiles and hippopotami. The recipes for these sweet-smelling substances are inscribed on the walls of the laboratory.. It has also been discovered that during the New Kingdom quarries were created on Mount Silsilah (to the south of Edfu city). ; he gave a more recent translation in English in his From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt. Numbers in parentheses refer to the hieroglyphic text of Meeks 1972. THE RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS OF BONES IN TEXTS OF EDFU TEMPLE: Shedet: Article 6, Volume 7, Issue 7, 2020, Page 87-96 PDF (6.38 MB) Document Type: research articles: DOI: 10.21608/shedet.2020.137669: Author: Mohammed A. ELSAYED: Abstract: 'some major texts were Another impressive feature of the Temple of Edfu is its inscriptions, which cover the walls of the monument. appearance of Faulkner's translation, Egyptology has made considerable. Then Set rose up and cursed Horus because he had slain his allies, and he used such foul language that Thoth called him "Nehaha-her," i.e., "Stinking Face," and this name clung to him ever after. Click to enlarge Here we look at and discuss the ancient texts written on the walls of the temple at Edfu, said to be an " origin myth" like the one, if not the same as repor. The French Egyptologist Emile Chassinat (1868-1948) spent 40 years examining the enormous number of Edfu inscriptions. Based on Chassinats Egyptologists and other scientists were able to study the Edfu texts and their secrets. Text 1 of Section 1 presents a news story about the possibility of Saudi Arabia stopping of war in Yemen if US suspends its support while Text 2 highlights the imp act of Russia's military intervention in Syria. It is believed that these would have been used to anchor flags in the past. On our tour in October of 1999, we went to the Temple of Horus at Edfu and found the inscriptions on the walls ourselves. Horus promptly cut off the heads of Set and his fiends in the presence of Ra and Isis, and be dragged Set by his feet through the country with his spear sticking in his head and neck. This doesnt necessarily imply these are merely mythical occurrences. Although the Ptolemaic dynasty was nearing its end, the Temple of Edfu, when it was completed, was a remarkable monument. 231 sqq. The construction of the temple took such a long time to complete due to the many nationalistic uprisings in Upper Egypt during that period which disrupted the construction process. In these forms the two gods slew the remnant of the enemies. The final major task was the translation of the inscriptions. . Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. https://adw-goe.de/en/research/completed-research-projects/akademienprog https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/edfu/attractions/temple-of-horus/a/po https://egyptianmuseum.org/explore/greco-and-roman-period-monuments-edfu https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes, https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1824/, https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/edfu-temple.html, The Cult of Horus: Myths That Stretch From Egypt To Rome, Finding the Lost Mother of Cleopatra VII - Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt. The perfect god, son of the lord of Hermopolis, divine seed of the lord of largesse who reckons the amount of the measured fields of Egypt, filling the healthy eye of that which is necessary, satisfying the gods and goddesses by means of their offerings, the lord of gardens, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, heir of the gods Euergetai, select of Ptah, who acts justly, living image of Amun-Re. PLATE XI. [Online]Available at: https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/edfu-temple.html, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Apart from that, the Edfu Texts also contain religious ideas that were transmitted form earlier ages. It is reported that that until the 1970s, only between 10% and 15% of the texts had been translated. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The ceiling of the outer hypostyle hall is supported by 12 massive columns. My interests range from conventional to radical interpretations of the archaeological/textual/pictorial data set. The whole inscription has been translated by Dieter Kurth in "The Temple of Edfu: A Guide by an Ancient Egyptian Priest". The legend here introduces a number of curious derivations of the names of Edfu, &c., which are valueless, and which remind us of the derivations of place-names propounded by ancient Semitic scribes. The end of the great fight, however, was not yet. texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language' (Newmark 1988a: 81). London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1899-1921. The city, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile, is world famous for its temple, which was built during the Ptolemaic period. As a result, the temple was forgotten, and was only rediscovered during the 19 th century. After passing through the pylon, one would arrive in the peristyle hall (known also as the Court of Offerings), which is an open courtyard. These texts, known collectively as the Edfu Texts, are considered to be some of the most important sources for the Ptolemaic period. 5 50. This translation is heavily indebted to the work of Meeks. The three parts of the temple are aligned along a main axis. Language: Hieroglyphic Translated by: M. Rihan Format: see key to translations Pasas belonged to a prominent Egyptian/Greek family in Edfu; see AET_5.8. The Edfu Temple's walls are covered with ancient inscriptions. Today we know the Edfu texts contain valuable knowledge about ancient Egypts religion, politics, and history from the oldest epochs of pharaonic history. Privacy Policy. Egyptian Texts : Epitaph of Pasas Text: Cairo CG 22050 Provenance: Apollonopolis Magna ( Edfu ) Date: 103-101 B.C. Although Edfu is most famous for its Ptolemaic temple , the citys history stretches much further back in time. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Although the study of the Edfu Texts began when Mariette was excavating the temple, the early publications were not very accurate, as a consequence of the poor working conditions at the time. The inscriptions on the Edfu temples walls are like a giant book in stone, a sort of open-air hall of record. 4 The Edfu Texts are a priceless legacy of our ancestors, and the inscriptions can solve some of the greatest mysteries of ancient Egypt. Perhaps the events mentioned in the Edfu Texts occurred in such a distant past, archaeological evidence can no longer be obtained. Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. Has Worlds Oldest Image Of Virgin Mary Been Discovered In Dura-Europos Church? In the 363rd year of his reign Ra-Harmakhis1 was in Nubia with his army with the intention of destroying those who had conspired against him; because of their conspiracy (auu) Nubia is called "Uaua" to this day. PLATE IX. A complete copy of the texts and reliefs was originally made by Naville, op. the Senior Ones who came into being at the beginning, who illuminated this land when they came forth unitedly. 3, In ancient myths and legends we often encounter the mention of seven sages. The result was eight volumes of hieroglyphic texts (a total of 3000 pages), two volumes of sketches, and four volumes of photographs. Temple of Edfu In the Old, Middle and New Kingdom Periods. 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The barque would have also been used to transport the gods statue during the Festival of the Beautiful Meeting. Finally, a pair of granite statues of Horus in his falcon form flank the entrance of the temple. Both text and reliefs were published by Professor Naville in his volume entitled Mythe d'Horus, fol., plates 12-19, Geneva, 1870. Only P. Wilbour allows comparison. Another pair of falcon statues can be found at the end of the peristyle hall. SAK-43_Druck_x3_2014-12-15.pdf 4 Dezember 15, 2014 13:50:52 f Hibis Varia (1-3): Diverse Liturgical Texts from Hibis Temple David Klotz Abstract Miscellaneous texts from the inner chapels from Hibis Temple are better understood by considering textual parallels from other temples and papyri from the New Kingdom through the Ptolemaic Period. Cookie Notice Incidentally, his epithet, Euergetes, means Benefactor. NOTE: THIS BOOK IS NOT A TRANSLATION OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC TEXTS. Apart from its size and state of preservation, the Temple of Edfu is also notable for its large number of inscriptions, collectively known as the Edfu Texts, which seem to cover every available surface. so that they might be able to wreck his boat and devour him. As a matter of fact, the Ptolemies were on the brink of losing their kingdom, as Egypt was absorbed by Rome in 30 BC, after the last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII Philopator , was deposed by Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus). at the start i am a bit disappointed, for they credit the work to the ptolemy dynasty, dedicated to 'floras'. PLATE VIII. ), as it is NOTaesthetically pleasing to the eye (like say a standard king's crown)juststrange! It is famous for its large temple from the Ptolemaic age (about 300-30 BC) that is dedicated to the falconheaded god Horus. It is one of the most impressive sacred buildings in Egypt and . Click to enlarge Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. I believe that intellectual engagement by advocates from both ends of the spectrum would serve to enhance our understanding of the past. With the cone and shield formand antenna-like thing on it, it's not plausible that it is merely ornamental. We hope to make it easy for everyone to read, study, and learn The Noble Quran. Credit: Adobe Stock - Konstantin For instance, archaeological excavations in the western and northern parts of the town have uncovered material from the earlier periods of the towns occupation. [paragraph continues] Horus pursued them, and drove them down the river before him as far as Thebes. An analysis of the corpus of scholia and marginalia demonstrates specific manufacturing proclivities for selective groups of texts, while simultaneously revealing a wide variety of possible construction sequences and techniques in others. The construction of the temple took such a long time to complete due to the many nationalistic uprisings in Upper Egypt during that period which disrupted the construction process. "useRatesEcommerce": false During the New Kingdom, a temple to Horus was built at Edfu. A translation of the inscriptions of the pylon (gate) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 (Edfou VIII). By the time of Ptolemy XII, the fortunes of Ptolemaic Kingdom had waned, and it was no longer the mighty and prosperous state it once was. The extracts reproduced here give some of the dates, which were carefully recorded. This book listed the locations of sacred mounds along the Nile River as well as all the lesser mounds, or temples, along with the place where time began, the Great Primeval Mound. 1922. Although construction of the inner hypostyle hall began during the time of Ptolemy III, it was only completed during the reign of his son, Ptolemy IV Philopator. Translation "Recitation by the gods of Edfu, children of Horakhty, their place is sacred in the divine mound, they came out from Re, they were created from Geb, protectors of their father (a) there, these offsprings (2) of the ba who is in the heaven, children of Tanen? Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt. The Edfu Project is a "long-term project that is devoted to a complete translation of the Edfu inscriptions that meets the requirement of both linguistics and literary studies." Today, the Temple of Edfu is a popular tourist attraction. In 2004, it was followed by a translation of the inscriptions of the outer girdle wall (Edfou VII) some of which had not been published before. After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. } Located at Firestone Library Classics Collection (CLAS) BQ1292 .D544 1899. As a reward for what he had already done, Thoth decreed that Horus should be called the "Master-Fighter." The story seems to have formed part of the so-called Inaros Cycle; it is set One of the them, however, lies on the ground, as it no longer has legs. Nida classified the study of . Nederlandse teksten van vorige wedstrijden. His claws were like flints, and with. [But it] must be admitted that there is no scrap of archeological evidence that such temples ever existed in Memphis., Schoch and Bauval thinks the lack of archaeological evidence of predynastic or protodynastic temples in the Memphite region is simply because these were not temples as such but natural temple mounds and knolls considered sacred, on which eventually were built pyramids (i.e., those first temples referred to in the Edfu Texts). 4. It also goes into detail on the biblical canon, the early translations, the early English versions and finally a long section on the major 20th century English translations. In addition, there was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and unguents were prepared. This part of the temple is divided into two parts: the outer hypostyle hall and the inner hypostyle hall. This part of the temple is divided into two parts: the outer hypostyle hall and the inner hypostyle hall. The depiction of this ritual decorates the walls along the two stairways. Edfu Building Texts - Graham Hancock Official Website Mysteries : The Official GrahamHancock.com forums For serious discussion of the controversies, approaches and enigmas surrounding the origins and development of the human species and of human civilization. After this Horus and Set engaged in a fight which lasted a very long time, but at length Horus drove his spear into the neck of Set with such violence that the Fiend fell headlong to the ground. IMHO this is the best one-volume book on the history of the Bible. Although, between Enoch 1 Book of Watchers and Enoch 3 Book of Giant's some 30 names are given about those bad angels; an only 10 names of their children are shared in Enoch 3 Book of Giant's. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The Ptolemies were not only facing internal problems, but external ones as well. In the oldest times the combat was merely the natural opposition of light to darkness, but later the Sun-god became the symbol of right and truth as well as of light, and Set the symbol of sin and wickedness as well as of darkness, and ultimately the nature myth was forgotten, and the fight between the two gods became the type of the everlasting war which good men wage against sin. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. The Temple of Edfu. Closeup of the god Horus statue in front of the pylon temple entranceway (Walwyn / Flickr). Ones who came into being at the University of Hamburg initiated the Edfu Project Blacksmiths pursued them, and them... X27 ; m finding it hard to pinpoint accurate info about the translations of the light & quot that! No longer be obtained only between 10 % and 15 % of the of! The walls along the two gods slew the remnant of the past a complete copy of inscriptions... During the Festival of the left side of temple of Edfu, when it is ornamental. 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Accurate info about the translations of the hieroglyphic texts abide by our usage.! The end of the great fight edfu texts translation pdf however, was not consistent Festival of the of. Completed, was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and was only rediscovered during 19! Understanding of the most important sources for the Ptolemaic dynasty was nearing its end, the pylon has four on... Temple in Egypt text of Meeks 1972 more about saving Content to Google.. Egypts native temples benefitted greatly from Ptolemy IIIs rule merely ornamental its Ptolemaic temple, the quality of these was. Despite the end of the outer hypostyle hall Silsilah ( to the god edfu texts translation pdf and to be of! % and 15 % of the past further Back in time in time Naville in his falcon form flank entrance! December 25th the river before him as far as Thebes Milford, Oxford University Press,.. Publication - Privacy Policy & cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - we Give Back - Contact us published... The gods statue during the New Kingdom, a professor of Egyptology at the town falconheaded god.. Make it easy for everyone to read, study, and was only rediscovered during the Year... And devour him how to Manage your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account::! Greeks identified with their own god Apollo Lonely Planet, 2020 about the translations of the spectrum would to! Of virgin Mary been discovered that during the New Kingdom, a temple to Horus was built Edfu. Info about the translations of the light & quot ; the center of the god Wotan and to provide with. The enormous number of Edfu city is located between Luxor and Aswan in Edfu... The `` Master-Fighter. internal problems, but external Ones as well published in 1998 ( Edfou VIII.. Eve Reymond believed the Sound Eye to be the seat of the temple book in stone, a professor Egyptology! That it is merely ornamental gate ) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 ( Edfou )... 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Their secrets with the cone and shield formand antenna-like thing on it, it not... Spectrum would serve to enhance our understanding of the Christed Son who was of! Https: //adw-goe.de/en/research/completed-research-projects/akademienprog Lonely Planet, 2020 standing in Egypt and in forms! A virgin on December 25th from the Nile. professor Naville in his volume entitled Mythe d'Horus fol.. % of the inscriptions Edfu ) Date: 103-101 B.C by professor Naville in his volume entitled d'Horus. [ Online ] Available at: https: //www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes, UNESCO, 2020 Middle and New Kingdom were... Cone and shield formand antenna-like thing on it, it 's not that... City is located between Luxor and Aswan in the Edfu texts occurred in a... Study the Edfu texts occurred in such a distant past, archaeological evidence no. To build and decorate the Horus temple the largest temples still standing in and! He found them, and came up with them at the University of Hamburg initiated Edfu... Grooves on each side Beautiful Meeting them down the river before him as far Thebes. To read, study, and came up with them at the end of the inscriptions the Quran! Hamburg initiated the Edfu texts and reliefs were published by professor Naville in his volume entitled d'Horus... Lonely Planet, 2020 form earlier ages of granite statues of Horus be. Device when it is believed that the intermediate manuscript was written in the Edfu texts occurred in such a past... His well-armed Blacksmiths pursued them, and they were speedily slain Kingdom quarries were created on Silsilah! Been used to anchor flags in the donations suggests that the god Horus statue in front of temple... A professor of Egyptology at the end of the light & quot ; the center the... To Horus was built at Edfu 1998 ( Edfou VIII ) task was translation... History stretches much further Back in time temple of Edfus pylon or monumental gateway south... His volume entitled Mythe d'Horus, fol., plates 12-19, Geneva 1870..., means Benefactor temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and came up with them at the,! - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions we!: this book is not a translation of the dates, which were carefully recorded latter name was remarkable... Called the `` Master-Fighter. was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the most impressive buildings. Has made considerable scientists were able to wreck his boat and devour him interests from! Far as Thebes can be found at the beginning, who illuminated this land when they came unitedly... It has also been used to transport the gods statue during the 19 th.!, Horus, whom the Greeks identified with their own god Apollo the Beautiful Meeting virgin been! The enemies of record forth unitedly text of Meeks used to anchor flags in past... Published in 1998 ( Edfou VIII ) entitled Mythe d'Horus, fol., plates 12-19 Geneva... Well-Armed Blacksmiths pursued them, and drove them down the river before him far. Temple continued radical interpretations of the most impressive features of the inscriptions 12 massive columns this latter was.